Post-Quantum Foundations

The Future of Cybersecurity: A Clear Introduction.

Level 1: Post-Quantum Foundations
In a nutshell
Current digital security relies on mathematical puzzles that today's computers can't solve. Quantum computers work differently—exploring millions of possibilities at once—which means our current "puzzles" are about to become easy to crack.

Why

Why should you care?

1

Your Digital Identity is at Risk

Banking apps, digital signatures, and public services all rely on the cryptography that quantum computers could eventually break.
2

The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat

Attackers are already stealing encrypted data today, planning to unlock it once powerful quantum computers are available.
3

Long-Term Privacy

Medical records, legal files, and government documents need security that lasts for decades, not just months.

How

How POSEIDON Supports Protection

The POSEIDON project contributes to building a "Quantum-Safe" Europe. We focus on:

Digital Identity

Ensuring you can always prove who you are securely.

Hybrid Security

Using the best of today’s and tomorrow’s tech together

Crypto-Agility

Building systems that can update their locks automatically as technology changes.

Learn more

Read the Full Article

Dive into the mechanics of quantum computing and discover how we are securing the European digital economy.
POSEIDON Article
Level 1: Understand the Basics of Post-Quantum Cryptography
April 8, 2026

Is this for you?

This introduction is designed for everyone—from curious citizens and students to business owners who need a high-level overview of why the digital landscape is changing. No prior technical or cryptographic knowledge is required. If you want to understand the "Why" behind the POSEIDON project and how quantum computing affects your daily privacy, this is the right place to start.

Looking for more technical depth?

If you already understand the basics of quantum threats and are looking for specific information regarding IT migration timelines, regulatory compliance (NIS2/DORA), and organisational strategy, you may find our intermediate resources more valuable.

Resources

Deepening your knowledge

If you are interested in deepening your knowledge of the topics covered at this level, we have gathered a collection of curated external resources—including official standards, research papers, and educational guides—to support your journey.

Quantum and supercomputing — Fact page
What quantum tech is, and why it changes what computers can do.
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/factpages/quantum-and-supercomputing
EU invests €65 million in quantum chips — News article
A quick, non-technical snapshot of Europe’s push on quantum capability.
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-invests-eu65-million-quantum-chips
A beginner’s guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose (TED) — Video (talk)
Friendly explanation of qubits and why quantum computing is fundamentally different.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuR969uMICM
What is Post-Quantum Cryptography?
https://youtu.be/8SsCbJVZ1rw?si=_qpA9hdo6AAdM5tl
Status of quantum computer development v2.1 (BSI, 2025-01) — Government report
Overview of the current state and expected progress of quantum computing and its security implications.
https://www.bsi.bund.de/EN/Themen/Unternehmen-und-Organisationen/Informationen-und-Empfehlungen/Quantentechnologien-und-Post-Quanten-Kryptografie/Entwicklungsstand-Quantencomputer/entwicklungsstand-quantencomputer.html
Understanding Quantum Technologies (Olivier Ezratty, 7th edition, 2024) — eBook
Broad, accessible overview of quantum technologies and their wider technological and societal impact.
https://www.oezratty.net/wordpress/quantum/
PQ TLS and WebPKI (Thom Wiggers, PQShield) — Video
Practical explanation of how post-quantum cryptography impacts TLS and the Web PKI ecosystem.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nQLNiaGE6U

What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography? (NIST) — Article
Clear explanation of PQC and how it differs from “quantum cryptography”.
https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography
What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography? — Video
Clear explanation of PQC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SsCbJVZ1rw
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography project — Project page
The “home base” for PQC background and standardisation context.
https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography
ETSI White Paper No. 8: Quantum Safe Cryptography and Security — PDF (white paper)
A friendly overview of the risk and the main mitigation approaches.
https://www.etsi.org/images/files/ETSIWhitePapers/QuantumSafeWhitepaper.pdf
ENISA: Post-Quantum Cryptography – Integration Publication — PDF report
EU agency publication explaining what PQC is and what “integration” means in practice.
https://www.enisa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/Post%20Quantum%20Cryptography-%20Integration%20Publication.pdf
What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography (And Why Are Apple …?) (IBM Technology) — Video (explainer)
What PQC is, why it matters, and what “quantum-safe” means in practice.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezynPVSdZVY
Crypto Agility Explained: Protect Data from Quantum … (IBM Technology) — Video (explainer)
What “crypto-agility” means and why organisations need it for a smoother transition.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c2f7jlmB90
Quantum-safe cryptography – fundamentals, current developments and recommendations (BSI, 2022-05) — Brochure
Introductory explanation of quantum-safe cryptography concepts and high-level recommendations for organisations.
https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Brochure/quantum-safe-cryptography.pdf
An Introduction to Post-Quantum Cryptography (Eviden) — White paper
Industry-oriented but non-technical introduction to post-quantum cryptography and transition drivers.
https://page.eviden.com/rs/247-MBJ-716/images/Eviden-An%20introduction%20to%20Post-quantum%20cryptograph%20PQC-cryptovision-Klaus%20Schmeh-White%20paper.pdf

European Digital Identity Wallet (overview) — Fact page
European Digital Identity Wallet (overview) — Fact page
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/factpages/european-digital-identity-wallet
EU Digital Identity Wallet Home (European Commission) — Web page
Practical, user-focused overview of benefits, security and privacy.
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/spaces/EUDIGITALIDENTITYWALLET/pages/694487738/EU%2BDigital%2BIdentity%2BWallet%2BHome
EU Digital Identity Wallet — first look (European Commission) — Video (explainer/animation)
Demonstrates how the EUDI Wallet is intended to work, including security and privacy concepts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smiM0GFRu_w
EU Digital Identity Wallet (European Commission playlist) — Video Playlist
Official collection of short explainers and updates around the EUDI Wallet ecosystem.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyMUk47rPuqrl84rLYwWPBX-uLUAgfHC8
EU reinforces cybersecurity with post-quantum cryptography — News article
Plain-language EU update on why PQC is becoming a priority
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-reinforces-cybersecurity-post-quantum-cryptography
NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards — News article
Why standards matter, and what they’re for (encryption + signatures).
https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/nist-releases-first-3-finalized-post-quantum-encryption-standards

IBM – What is quantum computing?
https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/quantum-computing

Get involved

Join the POSEIDON Community

Collaborate to strengthen the security and safety of Europe’s digital identities.

Application form

Privacy*
Newsletter
POSEIDON Logo
Securing European Digital Identities with Post-Quantum Solutions
Cookies & Privacy Policies Funded by the European Union
Copyright © 2026. All rights reserved.

Subscribe to our newsletter

Stay informed by following us on LinkedIn and subscribing to our newsletter.
Privacy*